Quantitative Reliability Analysis of Mitigations Against Construction-Stage Wetting of Cross Laminated Timber Roof Structures

Authors

  • Matt Caldwell University of Bath, Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Bath, UK
  • Antony Darby University of Bath, Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Bath, UK
  • Will Hawkins University of Bath, Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Bath, UK
  • Thomas Rodding Kjeldsen University of Bath, Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Bath, UK

Keywords:

Mass timber construction, Cross Laminated Timber, CLT, Moisture, Decay, Expert Elicitation, Structured Expert Judgement

Abstract

The built environment produces about one third of global CO₂ emissions, making rapid decarbonisation essential. Timber buildings could significantly reduce these emissions, yet recent failures caused by moisture intrusion during construction have led to timber decay. Despite broad recognition of the issue, designers and contractors lack quantitative guidance, relying instead on incomplete and anecdotal recommendations. Real construction projects are too complex to replicate in laboratories, creating a shortage of scientific evidence, while valuable industry knowledge remains fragmented and underused. This study introduces a structured expert‑elicitation method that weights expert opinions by calibration performance. A panel of leading industry experts evaluated 19 commonly recommended construction‑stage moisture mitigation strategies. The method offers greater rigour, accuracy, and transparency than standard surveys. Results show, for the first time, that several widely endorsed measures perform poorly in practice or impose major design, cost, or time burdens. The findings provide new evidence to improve design guidance and strengthen moisture‑risk decision‑making through objective identification of effective mitigation strategies. This will support more reliable outcomes and help ensure the safe expansion of timber construction as part of broader decarbonisation efforts.

Author Biographies

Matt Caldwell, University of Bath, Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Bath, UK

Post-graduate researcher, University of Bath

Associate Director, Buro Happold - Structures

Antony Darby, University of Bath, Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Bath, UK

Professor of structural performance and design, Director of Research, Cluster Lead - Structures

Will Hawkins, University of Bath, Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Bath, UK

Post-doctoral researcher and lecturer

Thomas Rodding Kjeldsen, University of Bath, Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Bath, UK

Professor of Hydrology and Water Engineering

Published

2026-10-25

How to Cite

Caldwell, M., Darby, A., Hawkins, W., & Rodding Kjeldsen, T. (2026). Quantitative Reliability Analysis of Mitigations Against Construction-Stage Wetting of Cross Laminated Timber Roof Structures. Mass Timber Construction Journal, 9(1), 99–122. Retrieved from https://journalmtc.com/index.php/mtcj/article/view/54

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